Sources –
please pardon that some are not linked properly yet – the information is all here but not formatted well & is an ugly hodgepodge of citation styles – in coming days I will finish formatting it
Part 1:
Elmo and his dad Louie talk about racism and protesting – CNN Town Hall
OpenStax – Intro to Sociology, 2nd Edition
News articles:
The Guardian – Genetics is not why more BAME people die of coronavirus: structural racism is
“We are done dying”: NAACP demands an end to institutional racism as nationwide protests continue
“ Black Lives Matter protesters” – CBS News – https://www.cbsnews.com/video/black-lives-matter-protesters-nationwide-speak-out-against-systemic-racism-and-police-brutality/
Merriam-Webster definition – Segregation
Part 2:
Household income:
Semega, Jessica, Melissa Kollar, John Creamer, and Abinash Mohanty, U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-266, Income and Poverty in the United States: 2018, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2019. (pg 2)
Marriage & family trends:
Raley, R., Sweeney, M., & Wondra, D. (2015). The Growing Racial and Ethnic Divide in U.S. Marriage Patterns. The Future of Children, 25(2), 89-109. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43581974?seq=1
Individual income:
Census data – Table P-2
Education & income
Educational attainment by race – Figure 27.4
Income by educational attainment & race
Federal prison data –
US Census QuickFacts- https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045219
Part 3:
Sentencing:
Everett, R., & Wojtkiewicz, R. (2002). Difference, Disparity, and Race/Ethnic Bias in Federal Sentencing. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 18(2), 189-211. www.jstor.org/stable/23366801
Yang, C. (2015). Free at Last? Judicial Discretion and Racial Disparities in Federal Sentencing. The Journal of Legal Studies,44(1), 75-111. doi:10.1086/680989
Juries –
Sommers, S.R. (2007), Race and the decision making of juries. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 12: 171-187. doi:10.1348/135532507X189687 ; https://ase.tufts.edu/psychology/sommerslab/documents/raceRealSommers2007.pdf
Anwar, S., Bayer, P., & Hjalmarsson, R. (2012) The Impact of Jury Race in Criminal Trials. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 127, 1017–1055. doi:10.1093/qje/qjs014.
Visualization from Duke Today
Death penalty –
Maps from Death Penalty Information Center
Paternoster, R. (1984). Prosecutorial Discretion in Requesting the Death Penalty: A Case of Victim-Based Racial Discrimination. Law & Society Review, 18(3), 437-478. doi:10.2307/3053431
Steiker, C., & Steiker, J. (2015). The American Death Penalty and the (In)Visibility of Race. The University of Chicago Law Review,82(1), 243-294. Retrieved June 9, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/43234696
Iyengar, R. (2011). Who’s the Fairest in the Land? Analysis of Judge and Jury Death Penalty Decisions. The Journal of Law & Economics, 54(3), 693-722. doi:10.1086/661565
Policing –
“Cop in the Hood” – Peter Moskos –
Also read his blog –
He also wrote a fantastic book titled “In Defense of Flogging” which talks about how maybe corporal punishment would be less cruel than prisons are.
Stop and Frisk –
New York Civil Liberties Union report
And a lot more articles worth reading –
Howard, J. T. (2019). To Protect and Serve? New Data on Police-Related Deaths Reveal a Persistent American Dilemma. American Journal of Public Health, 109(3), 349–350. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2018.304936
Bulman, G. (2019). Law Enforcement Leaders and the Racial Composition of Arrests. Economic Inquiry, 57(4), 1842–1858. doi:10.1111/ecin.12800
Fagan, J., Braga, A. A., Brunson, R. K., & Pattavma, A. (2016). Stops and Stares: Street Stops, Surveillance, and Race in the New Policing. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 43(3), 539–614.
Tillyer, R. (2014) Opening the Black Box of Officer Decision-Making: An Examination of Race, Criminal History, and Discretionary Searches, Justice Quarterly, 31:6, 961-985, DOI: 10.1080/07418825.2012.710646
Gelman, A., Fagan, J., & Kiss, A. (2007). An Analysis of the New York City Police Department’s “Stop-and-Frisk” Policy in the Context of Claims of Racial Bias. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 102(479), 813–823. doi:10.1198/016214506000001040
Issues in measuring crime:
Measuring crime & crime victimization – Measurement Problems in Criminal Justice Research: Workshop Summary (2003)
Public health data on drug use shows trivial differences between races which are far overshadowed by the disparities in incarceration – HHS Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
Crack cocaine vs powder cocaine – data and graphs from the Sentencing Project
Pre-trial detention and bail
Donnelly, E., & MACDONALD, J. (2018). THE DOWNSTREAM EFFECTS OF BAIL AND PRETRIAL DETENTION ON RACIAL DISPARITIES IN INCARCERATION. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-), 108(4), 775-814. doi:10.2307/48572971
Felon disenfranchisement:
Map from The Sentencing Project
King, B., & Erickson, L. (2016). Disenfranchising the Enfranchised: Exploring the Relationship Between Felony Disenfranchisement and African American Voter Turnout. Journal of Black Studies, 47(8), 799-821. Retrieved June 9, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/26174229
More info at
US History of Felon Voting / Disenfranchisement – ProCon.org
ttps://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/felon-voting-rights.aspx
Bureau of Labor Statistics –
https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat11.htm
The Atlantic – the Workforce is more Stratified than you think –
Whitened resumes –
Kang, S., DeCelles, K., Tilcsik, A., & Jun, S. (2016). Whitened Résumés: Race and Self-Presentation in the Labor Market. Administrative Science Quarterly, 61(3), 469-502. Retrieved June 9, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/24758675
Image from Harvard Business School article on ^ that article
See also “Are Emily and Greg More Employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination” – https://www.nber.org/papers/w9873
Professional appearance –
American Bar Association – Hair Discrimination
https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevenpearlman/2019/09/24/professional-appearance-in-the-workplace-under-scrutiny/
The Unnatural Treatment of Natural Hair: Courts’ Failure to Recognize Hairstyle Discrimination as Race Discrimination & the Need for State Legislature Action
GAO report on schools – https://www.gao.gov/assets/680/676745.pdf
Harris, T., & Graves, S. (2010). The Influence of Cultural Capital Transmission on Reading Achievement in African American Fifth Grade Boys. The Journal of Negro Education, 79(4), 447-457. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41341088
Graph from EdWeek – https://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/curriculum/2018/04/persistent_disparities_in_stem_coursetaking_crdc.html
School discipline
GAO Report – Discipline Disparities for Black Students, Boys, and Students with Disabilities
U.S. Department of Education Office for Civil Rights – Data Snapshot: School Discipline
Skiba, R. J., Horner, R. H., Choong-Geun Chung, Rausch, M. K., May, S. L., & Tobin, T. (2011). Race Is Not Neutral: A National Investigation of African American and Latino Disproportionality in School Discipline. School Psychology Review, 40(1), 85–107.
School to Prison Pipeline –
https://www.nbacares.org/care-resources/webinar-juvenile-justice
https://neatoday.org/2015/01/05/school-prison-pipeline-time-shut/
https://www.tolerance.org/magazine/spring-2013/the-school-to-prison-pipeline
http://www.justicepolicy.org/news/8775
Criminalization of adolescence –
Kristin Henning, Criminalizing Normal Adolescent Behavior in Communities of Color: The Role of Prosecutors in Juvenile Justice Reform, 98 Cornell L. Rev. 383 (2013) Available at: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clr/vol98/iss2/3
Pain management –
Hoffman, K., Trawalter, S., Axt, J., & Oliver, M. (2016). Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(16), 4296-4301. Retrieved June 10, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/26469319
https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/how-we-fail-black-patients-pain
See also “Just Medicine: A Cure for Racial Inequality in American Health Care” by Dayna Bowen Matthew, 2015.
And, the correlation between race & asthma being due in part to housing segregation & concentrated poverty – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3670652/pdf/AJPH.2013.301255.pdf
Part 4:
Semega, Jessica, Melissa Kollar, John Creamer, and Abinash Mohanty, U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-266, Income and Poverty in the United States: 2018, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2019. https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2019/demo/p60-266.pdf (page 5)
Map from History Channel – https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/slavery
Sherman’s Field Order –
Black exclusion laws in Oregon – https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/exclusion_laws/
For more on the persistence of white supremacy in the Pacific Northwest-
https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/07/northwest-front-americas-worst-racists-119803
Iowa’s certificate requirement – https://www.statelibraryofiowa.org/services/collections/law-library/HistoricalFAQ/Q20
WEB DuBois – “The Souls of Black Folk” – at Project Gutenberg – https://www.gutenberg.org/files/408/408-h/408-h.htm
15th Amendment / Voter Suppression –
Constitutional Rights Foundation –
https://www.crf-usa.org/black-history-month/race-and-voting-in-the-segregated-south
Jones, N. N., & Williams, M. F. (2018). Technologies of Disenfranchisement: Literacy Tests and Black Voters in the US from 1890 to 1965. Technical Communication, 65(4), 371–386.
“Grandfather clause” – https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/10/21/239081586/the-racial-history-of-the-grandfather-clause
https://www.crf-usa.org/brown-v-board-50th-anniversary/race-and-voting.html
http://www.umich.edu/~lawrace/disenfranchise1.htm?promocode=LIPP101AA?promocode
Black codes –
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=3&psid=3681
https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/jsb01
Richardson, J. (1969). Florida Black Codes. The Florida Historical Quarterly, 47(4), 365-379. Retrieved June 12, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/30140241
Hart, G. (2003). Virginia’s Black Codes: Uncovering the Evolution of Legal Slavery. OAH Magazine of History, 17(3), 35-36. Retrieved June 12, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/25163599
https://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/black-codes-of-mississippi/
Texas Tough – https://us.macmillan.com/books/9780312680473
Unions –
Hill, H. (1996). The Problem of Race in American Labor History. Reviews in American History, 24(2), 189-208. Retrieved June 12, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/30030646
https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1997/summer/american-labor-movement.html
Strangely (or not), the AFL-CIO minimizes this piece of history – https://racial-justice.aflcio.org/blog/est-aliquid-se-ipsum-flagitiosum-etiamsi-nulla
Professionalization – I’m mainly referring to the rise of the health care profession – see “The Social Transformation of American Medicine” – https://www.basicbooks.com/titles/paul-starr/the-social-transformation-of-american-medicine/9780465093038/
Baltimore segregation ordinances –
Garrett Power, Apartheid Baltimore Style: the Residential Segregation Ordinances of 1910-1913, 42 Md. L. Rev. 289 (1983) Available at: http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/mlr/vol42/iss2/4
Washington Post article – https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/08/10/baltimore-shows-how-historic-segregation-shapes-biased-policing-today/
Racial Dot Map – https://demographics.coopercenter.org/racial-dot-map
Migrant Mother – https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/roadshow/stories/articles/2014/4/14/migrant-mother-dorothea-lange/
Social Security –
Rodems, R., and Shaefer, H.L. Left Out: Policy Diffusion and the Exclusion of Black Workers from Unemployment Insurance. (2016) Social Science History 40(3): pp. 385-404. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2016.1
Urban Institute – https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/100697/african_american_economic_security_and_the_role_of_social_security.pdf
SSA – https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v70n4/v70n4p49.html
Truman desegregating the military – https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=84
Sweatt v. Painter – https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/339us629
Little Rock 9 & The Lost Year:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Little-Rock-Nine
https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/central-high-school-integration
https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/lost-year-737/
https://thelostyear.com/
Southern Manifesto and Massive Resistance:
Image fromhttps://www.neh.gov/humanities/2013/septemberoctober/feature/massive-resistance-in-small-town
Pupil Placement Board – http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/civilrightstv/glossary/topic-017.html
Brookings – The State of Metropolitan America – https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/metropolitan_america_chapter.pdf
Lichter, Daniel T., Parisi, Domenico, and Taquinob, Michael C. “Toward a New MacroSegregation? Decomposing Segregation within and between Metropolitan Cities and Suburbs.” 2015. American Sociological Review Vol. 80(4) 843–873. DOI: 10.1177/0003122415588558 ; https://www.asanet.org/sites/default/files/attach/journals/aug15asrfeature.pdf
The Color of Law – https://wwnorton.com/books/The-Color-of-Law/
White Flight Never Ends – https://www.dallasobserver.com/news/in-dallas-white-flight-never-ends-8265092
Texas Tribune Schools Explorer –
https://schools.texastribune.org/districts/dallas-isd/
https://schools.texastribune.org/districts/aledo-isd/
For even more reading:
melissa's musings on the world 